

We'll begin with a quiz. Don't worry, it's only a one question, "multiple guess"quiz and your score won't count.
The question is: Who owns the lakes, streams , and tributaries in the State of Arkansas? Choose the most nearly correct answer among the following three: (a) The state of Arkansas; (b) The owners of the shoreland down to the center of the lake or river; or (c) The people of the state. If you are a dedicated angler you no doubt know that the answer is "c." You know that you can fish any stream or lake you can get to by water without leaving your boat as long as it is below the normal high water mark on vegitation and terrain. The reason you have these rights is that the "public trust doctrine" gives them to you because you are the "beneficial owner" of the trust. The state holds title to lakes, streams, beds and adjacent wetlands in trust for the benefit of you and me and the rest of the people of the state. So, you see, it is most nearly correct to say the we are the owners of the lakes and streams in the State of Arkansas. Of course it is not possible for all of us collectively to do what owners of property have to do to protect, maintain, and improve our property, the waters of the state. That is why the state is obligated to act as "trustee" of our property. A trustee manages trust property for the true owners, the "beneficiaries." But, you ask, "How can that work? Several million of us are beneficiaries and we all have different priorities. Some of us fish, other want to boat ride and still others just want quietly to enjoy the scenic beauty of the lake or stream. And, of course, you are right. That is why the trustee, on behalf of all of us, has to exercise discretion in its management of our property. It is the trustee who says fishermen have the right to access waters in this state. Who is this trustee? "The State," after all, is an abstraction; it must act through person or agency. The Department of Natural Resources is the designated state agency to manage the waters of the state so it is primarily responsible for taking care of our lakes and streams. But the state also acts directly through legislation in which case the legislature and the governor are assuming the management responsibility. When this happens, as you might expect, it is often to benefit the politically influential to the detriment of the public trust. Landowners have a right to protect their property from trespass, but must come to face the fact that the state holds it's waters in public trust for the public to recreate. As a trustee, it is the duty of the state to defend the public's right to access waters of this state. We find in this day in time many attempts by political influence to persuade the legislature to invade the public trust for private benefit.
The courts have said the right of the citizens of the state to enjoy our navigable streams for recreational purposes, is a legal right that is entitled to all the protection which is given to financial rights. We have been fortunate that our courts have, for the most part, been willing and able to act on behalf of public trust rights. One of our tasks as citizens and public trust beneficiaries is to do what we can to see that future courts have the same willingness. The courts, however, do not act on their own. Someone must bring the courts into the picture by initiating a law suit. Who sues the state when it doesn't do what a trustee is supposed to do? We do, that's who! We are fortunate to have formed a committee that is willing to stand up for given rights and, fortunately, the public trust doctrine gives us standing to do so. In the end it is up to us. Like those who benefit from trusts providing them cash income, we must keep an eye on the performance of the trustee. Is the trust being managed as it should? Are we getting full benefit from what is ours? If our property is mishandled we are responsible for doing something about it. We need public support in our cause and urge you to assert comments and support our cause. We are here as your public voice and will defend your given rights. A.R.R.C.
Who is ARRC ?
The
Arkansas
River Rights Committee was established in April, 2001. The
committee
was formed after numerous events which included the blocking of waters
along the Arkansas River at Pendleton that have been used by the public
to fish and recreate for many years. Inside the levy lay an area
known for years as Turner-Neal Hunting Club. The land belonged to
Chicago Mill and Lumber who had it leased to the deer camp. In
2000,
Chicago Mill decided to sell the land in sections. The sections
were:
South Bend on the north side, Turner-Neal in the center, Diamond Point
on the east, and Echubby Lake on the south. Our issues were first
sited when Echubby Lake Hunting Club placed a road crossing at the
mouth
of Echubby Chute. This was the entrance directly from the river
to
two lakes, Echuby Chute (a.k.a. mud lake) and Echubby Lake (a.k.a.
Massey
Old River). After several fishermen began to complain about the
access
being blocked, we formed a group of spokespersons and made the trip to
Little Rock and met with the U.S. Corp of Engineers. At the
meeting,
we discussed several issues at hand. They told us we needed to
produce
alot of information on the area before we could procede. We
returned
to Dumas and after several agreed we should fight for our rights, we
formed
A.R.R.C..
We began having meetings and discussing the issues at hand. We
were
determined to make our intentions noticed. Our goal was to
preserve
the pubics given right to access areas along the Arkansas River that
were
given to us by our forfathers. We began our cause with one goal,
to preserve these rights through the rights given to us by
Congress.
Prior to the construction of the lock and dam projects, Congress met
and declared
that " All waters that are created by water resource projects in this
United
States, will be for the public to recreate and enjoy "! Prior to
the water resource projects, public meetings were held to inform the
public
of the benefits of the projects. One of these was that they would
have more watered areas to fish and hunt as it would make wildlife more
abundant. With this in mind, we decided that we must fight for
the
publics rights or the rich and politically powerful will control our
natural
resources. When the split took place at Turner-Neal, many of the
old time members were forced out because they could not afford to
financially
keep their membership. Only the people with money could afford
$100,000
plus to get in a deer camp. So, the very people that backed them
up to keep the public out are no longer in the clubs. The rich
and
political have pushed them out! This entire case has been a power
push with money or political favors for those who donated to certain
campaigns.
It's like they say in Washington, " Follow the money ". Our trek
has lasted for 4 long years and A.R.R.C. has devoted many hours to
confronting
and answering issues in this case. The Corp has been very helpful
in that they have upheld the laws of the United States in denying
Echubby
permits to block public access to these backwaters. The very fact
that Congress declared these waters are open for public use when the
water
project was completed, is not just a mere statement. How can a
court,
judicial committee, Congressman, or even the President of the United
States
change what Congress declared! They Can't! ( or so we thought ).
There
have
been two seperated court cases in progress since this began.
The
first
was when Echubby Lake Hunting Club filed a suit in Lincoln County
Circuit
Court against ARRC, the president of ARRC, and all JOHN DOE'S
that
claimed at a public meeting they could enter the deer camps land by
water
legally. This suit is in two parts. It is for QUIET TITLE
and
GIVING THE PUBLIC PERMISSION TO USE COALPILE AREA OF THE RIVER.
First
of all, quiet title should not be awarded due to the fact you can enter
from the Arkansas River most any time of the year. Second, if
they,
the landowners, give the public permission to fish Coalpile, they can
turn
around and close it the next day if they wish. Echubby asked for
a summary judgement hearing in this case and the judge ( who I might
add
was brought out of retirement to hear the case ) found in favor of
Echubby
Lake. We appealled the decision in which the appeals court stated
that the decision should not have been made due to the many
circumstances
involved in the case and that it should be heard by a trial
court.
They remanded and overturned the appeal back to Lincoln County Circuit
Court for a trial. We are still waiting for a trial date on this
case. A.R.R.C. had not needed an attorney until they filed this
suit
on us. We then began fundraisers and accepted donations in order
to pay attorneys fees. We are still in a constant battle to raise
money for these fees. Dumas Bass Club recently had a bass
tournament
named " Save Coalpile " to raise money for A.R.R.C.
The
second
case is Echubby Lake Hunting Club files suit of the U.S. Corp of
Engineers,
Little Rock District. The club first built road crossings without
404 permits issued by the Corp. The Corp ordered the obstructions
removed. the club did not comply and filed an appeal to the Corps
District Office. The District Office agreed with the Little Rock
Corp findings and denyed the permit application. Echubby Lake
Hunting
Club then filed a law suit in Federal District Court on the U.S. Corp
of
Engineers.
This
all brings
us where we are today, after 4 years of confronting these issues in
dispute
with Echubby Hunting Club. The hunting club has used every means
possible to undermine the publics interest in the watered areas along
the
Arkansas River. Many political figures have used their power to
try
to change the course of the case. One really powerful group known
as "Farm Bureau Insurance Federation" has endorsed the club going
against
the public's right to access these backwaters. Farm Bureau is
ranked
17th of the 25 most powerful political figures in
Washington.
Political influence from Washington D.C. to Dumas, Arkansas has been
thrown
at the public since the beginning of the case's. Recently, the
Corp
and ELHC both agreed to a Summary Judgement hearing in U.S. District
Court.
At this hearing, Echubby Lake Hunting Clubs attorney was joined by two
Farm Bureau attorneys who recently wrote an Amicus Brief for this case
in favor of the club and against the public's right to access.
The
judge, Honorable James Moody, found in favor of the hunting club.
Basically he stated that there was no commercial use of the area and
therefore
the area would not be used commercially. His decision came after
the hearing in which an attorney from the U.S. Attorney Generals
represented
the Corp. During the hearing, the judge asked the U.S. attorney
several
times if "navigational servitude" was an issue in this case. She
said it was not. We believe that indeed it was and the door was
open
for addressing the issue since the area is indeed within the '
navigational
servitude of the Arkansas River. This is what "navigational
servitude"
really means. In it's true definition, we have every right to use
the water covered areas that are accessible from the main channel of
the
Arkansas River.
*
What is the "Federal Navigational Servitude"? *
The
legal
definition:
The navigational servitude is the right of free public use of waters that are capable of supporting navigation in their natural condition. Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. at 164, 175 (1979); United States v. Cress, 243 U.S. 316, 321 (1917) ("the public right is to be measured by the capacity of the stream for valuable public use in its natural condition"); Boone, 944 F.2d at 1495 ("A waterway may be subject to the navigational servitude if it is navigable in fact in its natural state."); Owen .v United States, 851 F.2d 1404, 1412 - 1416 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (en banc) (recognizing that the navigational servitude was limited to the bed of navigable stream, and holding that servitude is not a "blanket exception" to the takings clause). The servitude has also been described as the power of the government to escape liability for damage occurring below the mean high-water mark when it undertakes actions to improve or protect navigation in naturally navigable waterways. United States v. Winstar Corp., 518 U.S. 839, 879 n.23 (1996); Owen, 851 F.2d at 1412 (no compensation for consequences of activities to improve navigation within the boundaries of a water body subject to the navigational servitude).
If a waterway is navigable in its natural state, and is thus burdened by a navigational servitude, an owner of submerged property holds bare title and nothing more, and the Corps may make use of the waterway and alter structures in it without condemnation and just compensation, even if it deprives the owner of all use of the water or the structures. See, e.g., United States v. Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, 480 U.S. 700 (1987); Good v. United States, 39 Fed. Cl. 81 (1997). This "no compensation" rule for naturally navigable waterways was articulated in United States v. Rands, 389 U.S. 121 (1967):
The Commerce Clause confers a unique position upon the Government in connection with navigable waters....[t]hey are the public property of the nation, and subject to all the requisite legislation by Congress. This power to regulate navigation confers upon the United States a "dominant servitude," which extends to the entire stream and the stream bed below the ordinary high-water mark. The proper exercise of this power is not an invasion of any private property rights in the stream or the lands underlying it, for the damage sustained does not result from taking property from riparian owners within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment but from the lawful exercise of a power to which the interests of riparian owners have always been subject.
Id. at 122-123. The rationale for the rule is that naturally navigable waterways, as "great navigable streams" and highways of interstate commerce, are incapable of private ownership. In terms of Lucas, the navigational servitude is a restriction on owners that is inherent in the title of naturally riparian and submerged land.
However, the foregoing rule does not apply in the case of waterways made navigable by private effort. In those instances where a landowner creates navigable water by dredging private fast land, the navigational servitude does not attach to the newly created waterway unless the government pays compensation. Kaiser Aetna, 444 U.S. at 172, 175 (navigational servitude is not a "blanket exception" to the takings clause whenever Congress exercises its Commerce Clause authority to promote navigation, and private navigable waters remain private even when directly connected to the Pacific Ocean); Vaughn v. Vermillion, 444 U.S., 206, 208-209 (1979) (navigable waterways artificially constructed on private property and connected to public waterways remain private); Dardar v. Lafourche Realty Co., 985 F.2d 824, 833 (5th Cir. 1993) (artificial navigable waterways are not subject to federal navigational servitude); Boone, 944 F.2d at 1495 (navigable lagoon connected to the Pacific Ocean was not burdened by servitude because it was made navigable by private effort); United States v. Lamastus & Assoc., Inc., 785 F.2d 1349, 1352 (5th Cir. 1986) (Coast Guard could regulate private navigable water and require removal of negligently sunk craft, but regulation does not extend to allowing public access absent condemnation). Thus, neither the present condition of a waterway, nor its present use, is dispositive of whether it is burdened by a federal navigational servitude.
Absent
the
navigational servitude, the government cannot escape its obligations to
compensate private property owners, when it physically invades or
over-regulates
private property for navigational purposes. See, e.g., Marks v. United
States, 34 Fed. Cl. 387, 403 (1994) ("Thus upon determination of
Congress
to improve or preserve navigation, the navigational servitude defines
the
appropriate boundaries within which the United States can assert its
power
to supersede private ownership interest without creating an obligation
to pay just compensation. . . ."); Laney v. United States, 661 F.2d
145,
149 (Ct. Cl. 1981) (there is "no special mystique in exercise of the
navigational
servitude that permits uncompensated takings when compensation would be
required in other contexts."). Condemnation proceedings and payment of
just compensation are required once the right of exclusive use of
private
waters is taken, regardless of their present navigability.
We have
spoken with the Corp as to the appeal process on the case. They
say
they don't know whether to appeal this case or go to another case that
may be more important. Seems that after spending 4 years on this case,
why would any party not want to appeal until all appeals are exhausted
for the final decision. This is a very big case and needs to be
addressed
by a jury trial. Maybe it isn't apparent that this is a very,
very
important case as it may set precident over the entire United
States.
So here we are at a very important point in the case. Echubby
Lake
Hunting Club feels they have won and indeed they have if the Corp
doesn't
appeal the case. But all they have won is the right to build a
road
crossing in navigable waters. That's all, and no more!
The
case against
A.R.R.C. Inc. and the public is waiting a court date in Lincoln County,
AR. This is a case not about road crossings or permits.
This
is a case to decide whether the public has gained a perscriptive right
to enter these areas by water and on the water. This is an all
together
different type case and will be decided by a jury in Lincoln
County.
Either way, the public will have its day in court!
Maybe
the
public will win, maybe justice will prevail, maybe the rich and
political
will reticule and undermine the public as they have done in these
cases,
or maybe even win. There are alot of MAYBE's . Maybe our
children
should find other forms of recreation and quit fishing? Maybe the
State of Arkansas should put a fence down both sides of the Arkansas
River
Channel and make it unlawful to fish outside the fence, or maybe the
public
should pay more attention to who they vote for in coming elections.
Thankyou for visiting our page. Please come back for updates and new articles. If you have letters to the editor, please email them so we can share them with the public. Your thoughts and participation on these issues are greatly needed. We must protect our rights to fish so our children can enjoy the waters we have for many years to come. Come back soon!
Send donations and checks payable to:
A.R.R.C.
Dave Selvey, President
PO Box 416
Dumas, AR 71639
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